Saudi Arabia’s meteorological sector has undergone a remarkable transformation over nearly seven decades, evolving from manual observation stations and paper bulletins to an integrated digital ecosystem employing artificial intelligence, numerical models, satellites, and advanced computing, in line with Saudi Vision 2030.
The journey began in the 1950s with simple instruments and manually prepared weather charts at main airports. The sector developed through successive institutional phases, from the General Directorate of Meteorology in the 1950s to the General Directorate of Meteorology and Environmental Protection in 1981, each expanding observation networks, modernizing equipment, and strengthening international cooperation.
Following a series of institutional transformations, the National Center for Meteorology (NCM) was established in 2019 to lead the sector’s digital transformation. The NCM operates an advanced network of automated observation stations, weather radars, and marine stations, utilizing global satellite data and high-resolution numerical models run on supercomputers to produce accurate forecasts and early warnings.
The NCM is also developing national AI and machine learning-based weather prediction models to enhance the Kingdom’s independence in producing high-precision forecasts.
The Cloud Seeding Program represents one of the sector’s most significant advancements, combining meteorology, aviation, and AI to increase rainfall and enhance water resources. The program uses radars, satellites, and specially equipped aircraft to seed suitable clouds under precise scientific conditions.
Academic institutions, including King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) and King Abdulaziz University, contribute to meteorological research through AI applications, climate modeling, and early warning systems.
Meteorology in Saudi Arabia has evolved beyond weather forecasting into an essential pillar supporting aviation, Hajj and Umrah management, civil defense, agriculture, energy, and major national projects, solidifying the Kingdom’s position as a regional hub for meteorological and climate sciences.
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